planet x :: essays research papers

Did you know that PLANET X depart pass by our solar system again in 2003 after approximately 3660 years of absence on its regular cooking stove? Like most people you probably do not know this. The knowledge has been kept away from the public for several reasons, one of which is to avoid causing panic among the worlds population. 1 question -- leave you be in a safe bea?Will you be ready or do you care for your loved ones lives?We live in a double star system. Our suns dark twin lies toward the Orion galaxy. planet X is a rogue orbiter or brown dwarf star. Xs orbit takes it back and by mingled with both suns. It takes approximately 3660 years for one orbit. X being a brown dwarf is very(prenominal) dense compared to a normal planet its aforesaid(prenominal) size. Its gravitational and magnetic pull on the planets it passes is so strong it disrupts their surfaces.The molten liquid mainly iron ore core of Earth aligns quickly to X as it passes. The crust or surface resists somewhat. Earths crust separates with its liquid core and causes a physical pole shift. The new poles end up in comp allowely unalike areas of the globe. Mega world wide earthquakes, hurricanes and tidal waves result in a changed world. Water is the most dangerous part of the situation. Known earthquake zones where the plates meet will let loose. Land masses will rise and fall. The archeological evidence of this happening on a regular basis to Earth coinciding to Xs orbit is overwhelming. at that place is also clear evidence translated from several ancient cultures that give detailed references to Planet X and all of our planets in our immediate solar system. The controllers of Earths economies and media are richly aware, prepared enough for themselves only and not allowing this out through the major media. A collapse of the stock and financial markets along with panic would show up if they did. Youve no doubt read the intuitive that have delicately been trying to warn the masse s. I give you all the facts and reasons behind the events in a very indelicate, open, ingenuous straight forward manner. The media boys have already cried wolf with Y2k and a simple planetary alignment that never caused any disruptions before. Now the wolf of Planet X is at our door and you are getting the silent treatment.planet x essays research papers Did you know that PLANET X will pass through our solar system again in 2003 after approximately 3660 years of absence on its regular orbit? Like most people you probably do not know this. The knowledge has been kept away from the public for several reasons, one of which is to avoid causing panic among the worlds population. 1 question -- Will you be in a safe area?Will you be ready or do you care for your loved ones lives?We live in a binary system. Our suns dark twin lies toward the Orion galaxy. Planet X is a rogue planet or brown dwarf star. Xs orbit takes it back and forth between both suns. It takes approximately 3660 years for one orbit. X being a brown dwarf is very dense compared to a normal planet its same size. Its gravitational and magnetic pull on the planets it passes is so strong it disrupts their surfaces.The molten liquid mainly iron ore core of Earth aligns quickly to X as it passes. The crust or surface resists somewhat. Earths crust separates with its liquid core and causes a physical pole shift. The new poles end up in totally different areas of the globe. Mega world wide earthquakes, hurricanes and tidal waves result in a changed world. Water is the most dangerous part of the situation. Known earthquake zones where the plates meet will let loose. Land masses will rise and fall. The archeological evidence of this happening on a regular basis to Earth coinciding to Xs orbit is overwhelming. There is also clear evidence translated from several ancient cultures that give detailed references to Planet X and all of our planets in our immediate solar system. The controllers of Earths economi es and media are fully aware, prepared enough for themselves only and not allowing this out through the major media. A collapse of the stock and financial markets along with panic would issue if they did. Youve no doubt read the intuitive that have delicately been trying to warn the masses. I give you all the facts and reasons behind the events in a very indelicate, open, honest straight forward manner. The media boys have already cried wolf with Y2k and a simple planetary alignment that never caused any disruptions before. Now the wolf of Planet X is at our door and you are getting the silent treatment.

Prejudice in Telephone Conversation and Dinner Guest-Me Essay -- Wole

Prejudice in Tele auditory sensation Conversation and Dinner Guest-MeIn the deuce poems, Telephone Conversation and Dinner Guest-Me,each poet engrosss their poetry as a means of confronting and challengingprejudice. In Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka, a phoneconversation takes place between an African man and a very artificiallady ab step up renting out a room. When the lady finds out he is Africanshe becomes very prejudiced and racist towards him. Dinner Guest-Meby Langston Hughes is about a black man going to a dinner political party wherehe is the only coloured person there, like he is the token black.Anger and a sense of humour ar shown in both of the poems. In TelephoneConversation the African man is angry at the peroxide blond and isdisgusted at her for being so rude and racist towards him, HOW night?ARE YOU LIGHT OR VERY DARK? The capital letters emphasises theloudness in her voice, whereas, in Langston Hughes poem the otherdinner guest argon not being prejudiced to the only black dinner guestdirectly. Although they would ask him the usual questions that comeinto flannel mind. Here they are set apart from him as a different race,to be part of a Problem on Park Avenue at eight is not so bad. Hesangry because he is still part of the Negro Problem even though he iswith elegant, upper-class deal. Hughes is laughing at the whitepeople complaining about not being black, Im so ashamed of beingwhite, also at the democratic process and him self. He uses satiricalhumour at the dinner party by poking at establishment. He acknowledgesthat I know I am the Negro Problem and is alive(predicate) they have to bepolite about him. Wole Soyinka uses sarcastic humour and makes fun ofthe landlady when he wr... ...ws plenty of anger from Wole Soyinkatowards the artifical, white, public. Hughes also seems to be mad atthe white populace and thoroughly benefits from poking fun at them. Ithink Soyinka is trying to make a point of the phony and vulgarindividuals the re are and draw everyones attentions to them, Hughesis trying to make us realise just how obnoxious some can be todifferent races, likewise to Soyinka. I suppose both poets succeeded,the poems did make me consider how prejudice many persons are.In conclusion I prefer Dinner Guest-Me by Langston Hughes because Ienjoyed the satirical humour he used in his poem and how he made thetoken black stand out from all the other guests. Although I thinkthat both use their poetry well as a means of confronting andchallenging prejudice that was around back in the 1900s when the twopoems were written.

Brave New World: Helplessness Essay -- Brave New World

Brave New World  Helplessness      How can one distinguish gladness from sorrowfulness if unhappiness is never experienced? Its the bad that makes the good look good, but if you dont know the good from the bad, youll settle for what youre given. Can people judge their feelings without a basis or underlying rubric to follow? Such rudimentary guidelines are established through the maturation process and continue to fluctuate as one grows wiser with a vaster array of experiences. Aldous Huxley creates a utopia filled with happiness, but this is merely a facade to a world which is incomplete and quite empty since the essential experiences are replaced with conditioning. perhaps this fantasy world was distinctly composed to be a harbinger of our future. An analysis of an exclusive utopia designed to heed the present world from becoming desensitized to immunity and individualism and to warn against the danger of an overly progressive scientific and technologica l society. Huxley commences his story at the source of such world control -- the hatchery. Governed by mottoes of Community, Identity, and Stability, the brassy new world he creates is conditioned from the start. The test tube babies undergo precise tests, dietary supplements, and encouragement to produce the defined castes of individuals. The central action arises when Bernard Marx, an alpha plus psychologist, becomes continually irritated at the boredom and incompleteness of this highly regulated life. Through his independent thinking he becomes frustrated and feels alone. Such feelings Marx shares with his determination friend Helmholtz Watson, who was advantageously decanted in his test tubular stages and therefore has an ... ...domination. the Bokanovsky Process, in which one egg is budded into hundreds and thousands making a shocking number of twins and so the decanting process, the actual birth form the test tube, and finally, the social conditioning processes in which people are formed by means of shocks, sirens, and other unpleasant devices to accepted stimuli so that they will always evoke certain intrinsic feelings toward those stimuli. The idea of such a precision-made society to accomplish work and live in happiness and virtue leaves no room for imperfection. Such imperfections as Marx, Watson, and the savage however are no threat to the society as apparent in the refreshed since they are swallowed by the system-- if nobody listens to their ideas, talking does no good. Such automatic suppression of the rebels leaves the reader with a frigid feeling of helplessness.  

Our Schools Need Community Service Learning Programs Essay -- Communit

I dont know what your destiny will be, but one thing I do know the only ones among you who will be really happy are those who have sought and found how to serve.- Albert Schweitzer Each community is like a human body, it requires a constant life force to survive. Volunteers and community service workers are the blood that maintains our communities. It fortifies our foundations. A community is only as strong as the weakest link. We must empower those weakened by poverty, discrimination and other social injustices. Compassion is a learned behavior. We obtain it through our parents initially teaching us morals such as empathy, kindness, and fairness. Secondly, we can reinforce it through school-based service learning projects. Mandatory school-based community service learning will benefit our clownish by an increase in volunteerism from the heart and social skills in our children and teens in the future. function is your engagement in the relationship of the act of givin g. Service is its most sincere when we inspection and repair through whom we are not by what we do. We have to have compassion in order to serve correctly to be in the situation with person not just for them (Wade, Rahima C., 1997).Volunteerism is embedded in the fibers of Americans. For centuries we have aided our society in all aspects of volunteerism. Harvard University, in 1636, formed the first academic library which was staffed with volunteers. In 1736, the first Volunteer Fire Department was established in 1857 the American Red Cross was organized using volunteer labor(Megan 2011). As volunteers, will we make headway charity or solidarity? Charity exhibits as insincere, superior, and often views the poor as sub-human. Solidarity presents ... ...g-Youth OSullivan, Theresa A., Community Service in The United States, Alternatives to improve volunteerism among Americans, Tallahassee, FL August 2004Vessels, G., & Huitt, W. (2005). honorable and character developme nt. Paper presented at the National Youth at Risk Conference, Savannah, GA, March 8-10. Retrieved date, from http//www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/chardev.pdf http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Wofford Wade, Rahima C. From a Distance Service- Learning and Social Justice. Integrating Service Learning and Multicultural Education in Colleges and Universities . Ed. Carolyn R. OGrady. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000.Youth helping America educating for active citizenship service learning, school-based service and youth engagement 3/2006 newspaper publisher Corporation for National and Community Service.http//www.nationalservice.gov/

Exploring different types of comedy :: Drama

Exploring different types of comedyI am part of a group working on a devised art object based on the theme ofcomedy. We impart explored different types of comedy and are devisingways of using these in a piece of drama.We were accustomed some stimulus material about commedia dellarte, thisliterally means artistic comedy. It started in the later half of the16th century and this was a check where plays were stylish, classicand cold. So, commedia dellarte was the complete opposite and soonloud, colourful representations cropped up all over Italy. The rulesof theatre were subverted in this new style.Commedia dellarte is mainly based on assoil improvisation on typify.Actors starting performing on simple stages set outdoors with a simpleyet essential background. These improvised performances were never knowing and the humour was very often bawdy and coarse.There are a fleck of traditional characters that are related tocommedia dellarte. Harlequin is probably the best cognise out of all ofthe characters. He is comic servant who is lazy but energetic and bothstupid and clever. He adds to the comedy that is being created onstage by the pure stupidity of the things that he does. He is oftenseen leaping into the air, dancing and walking on stilts.Another well known character is Pantaloon. He is a comic old merchantfrom Venice. He loves to give advice although he often receives blowsfrom his servants, which creates comedy on stage.Even though commedia dellarte didnt generate specific ideas forcharacters as such it did provide us with ideas for basic plot, asthis genre achieves most of its humour on stage from the ridiculoussituations that the characters are faced with.Our group was given a second stimulus of pantomime, and we were givenDick Whittington, written by Derek Dwyer and Merlin Price. InBritish theatre pantomime is a Christmas or New socio-economic class entertainment,but its origins can be traced back to the 16th century improvisedcomic drama, commedia de llarte. This can be seen as pantomimeretained a number of elements of commedia dellarte, including theactress playing the part of the principle boy, and the actor playingthe dame.Some new elements were also added into pantomime as it developedthroughout the ages such as customary songs, topical humour, audienceparticipation and a number of guest appearances from popularentertainers of the day.Many of these characteristics of typical pantomime can be seen in theextract that we have been given of Dick Whittington. For example,before anyone even speaks there is a song to begin the show. This is

Exploring different types of comedy :: Drama

Exploring different types of comedyI am part of a group working on a devised piece based on the theme ofcomedy. We have explored different types of comedy and are devisingways of using these in a piece of drama.We were attached some stimulus material ab pop commedia dellarte, thisliterally means artistic comedy. It started in the later half of the16th century and this was a period where plays were stylish, simpleand cold. So, commedia dellarte was the complete opposite and soonloud, colourful representations cropped up all over Italy. The rulesof theatre were subverted in this new style.Commedia dellarte is mainly based on free temporary expedient on stage.Actors starting performing on simple stages set outdoors with a simpleyet essential background. These improvised performances were neversubtle and the card was very often bawdy and coarse.There are a number of traditional characters that are related tocommedia dellarte. Harlequin is probably the best known out of all ofthe chara cters. He is comic servant who is lazy hardly energetic and bothstupid and clever. He adds to the comedy that is being created onstage by the pure stupidity of the things that he does. He is oftenseen leaping into the air, dancing and walking on stilts.Another well known character is Pantaloon. He is a comic old merchantfrom Venice. He loves to give advice although he often receives blowsfrom his servants, which creates comedy on stage.Even though commedia dellarte didnt generate specific ideas forcharacters as such(prenominal) it did provide us with ideas for basic plot, asthis genre achieves most of its humour on stage from the ridiculoussituations that the characters are faced with.Our group was precondition a second stimulus of pantomime, and we were givenDick Whittington, written by Derek Dwyer and Merlin Price. InBritish theatre pantomime is a Christmas or New Year entertainment,but its origins can be traced back to the 16th century improvisedcomic drama, commedia dellarte. This can be seen as pantomimeretained a number of elements of commedia dellarte, including theactress compete the part of the principle boy, and the actor playingthe dame.Some new elements were also added into pantomime as it developedthroughout the ages such as popular songs, local humour, audienceparticipation and a number of guest appearances from popularentertainers of the day.Many of these characteristics of typical pantomime can be seen in theextract that we have been given of Dick Whittington. For example,before anyone even speaks there is a song to begin the show. This is

Strategic Marketing Planning for Non Profit Organization

Geor shrinkown University Center for public & non-profit- do Leadership trade & communication theory in Nonprofit Organizations David Williamson Essays on worth Lessons from the Geor lan slash Nonprofit steering administrator enfranchisement platform 2009 Center for Public and Nonprofit Leadership Geor setown University Georgetown Public Policy Institute Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program advocacy in the Public Interest 2Marketing & communication theory in Nonprofit Organizations It Matters More Than You stand for David Williamson Marketing gets no respect in the non-for-profit world. Program good deal tend to hold the approximately aged positions in not-for-profits and accordingly hold back the nigh status. Fund progressrs argon frequently viewed as necessary evils, as be operations staff, including those who labor in the communications and trade curriculume sections. Several factors account for the suspicion or disdain with which m each nonprofit boldness managers view the marketing pleasurection.Mostly, its a matter of ignorance. Usu bothy trained in other(a) discip debates, nonprofit leaders often fail to understand what marketing fag and female genital organt do for their organizations. Consequently, they hold some strange assumptions (e. g. Our good employ forget sell itself ), unrealistic expectations (e. g. , demanding to be in The New York Times once a week) and arbitrary storehouseing theories (i. e. , when fundraising is down, cut the communications budget). Compounding the ch whollyenge, few nonprofit managers recognize their need of expertise in these aras.The same pile who would never contradict a financial expert or ignore a scientist dont stand for twice ab divulge overruling marketing professionals on audiences, essences, tactics the really essence of marketing strategy. There are, of course, exceptions to the rule, primarily advocacy o r friendly marketing enterprises where the centre course of study involves communications, outreach and marketing. entirely in the main, the basic lack of respect accorded marketing places as no surprise to any ane who tried to apply marketing to representation or build a nonprofit dirt were employ to it.After all, why is this chapter near the end of this book? Forward-looking nonprofit leaders, however, depart recognize what their counterparts in the for-profit sphere of influence understood long ago marketing is essential. And although the marketing function masquerades under many an(prenominal) names within nonprofit organizations Communications, Advancement, External Affairs, Public Relations, or Brand Management the primary objectives are pretty untold the same to define and then defend an organizations position, and move it close to supremacy in its mission. Marketing answers the questions How is our program typical?What do we want to be whopn for? Why is ou r work relevant? With the competition for philanthropic resources and public fear fierce, these are absolutely critical considerations for either nonprofit. While the benefits of practiceing in marketing may non be obvious to nonprofit leaders, the courts of helplessness to do so are becoming increasingly clear. With nonprofits coming under increasing public and regulatory scrutiny, organizations no longer potentiometer afford to relegate communications and marketing to second-class status. Its a matter of survival.When the investigative reporters are circling your organization (think of the recent unpleasantness that befell the Ameri derriere Red Cross, United Way, and Smithsonian Institution, among others) you pull up s invades worry that you had a robust, professional communications department to handle the incoming slings and arrows. An expensive outside public relations firm is a poor substitute for people who k at present your organization and command the trust of th e staff. moral Show marketing some respect. It is essential for mission success, that if you wait near until the need is obvious, it will already be too new.The author wishes to ack directledge the assistance of Douglas Meyer in preparing this manuscript. Note The anecdotes herein are intended to illustrate larger themes, and not as critiques of individual organizations. Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 3 The Elevator raise Through the forms, marketers harbour invented ever- more(prenominal) sophisticated ways to develop organizational position statements. Lots of these methodologies work, and you move spend big m angiotensin-converting enzymey with consultants on finely contrivanceed and focus-group-tested placement statements.At the same judgment of conviction, for nonprofits, the simpler approach advocated by the marketing savant Harry Beckwith may achieve much the same re sult at considerably lower cost and effort. I think of Beckwith whenever I find myself confronted with a real ski lift test moment. You strike up a conversation in an elevator, on the subway, in the line at Starbucks and the question soon arises What do you do? The altercate is how to answer that question in an interesting, oblige manner that invites further questions or so your organization, unless that does not bog down in jargon or too much detail.You dont stick much time maybe dickens sentences at intimately. So what do you include? What do you leave out? Whats your answer to the elevator test? Lest you think this exercise trivial, recall that everyone on the staff of your nonprofit gets shooted the what do you do? question, in various forms, every day. In that sense, everyone on staff is a marketer, albeit rarely trained as such. Do you know how your staff is responding? Do you drive any confidence that everyone on the team program staff, receptionists, board membe rs shares a customary sense of the organizations brand position?Are they communicating a consistent message? Many nonprofit organizations fail this test. Happily, Beckwith prescribes a very simple practice that nonprofits can adapt readily to their needs in developing an elevator test that can double as a position statement. (Note that the elevator test is not a mission statement, nor should it read give supervise one, yet instead tries to distill the essence of the organization into relevant, accessible language for the particular person with whom you are speaking. ) The Beckwith formula disunites with six basic questions ho? Whats your name? what? What kind of organization are you ( home base and sector)? for whom? Whom do your programs set? what need? What pressing social problem does your program address? whats different? What is distinctive well-nigh your program? so what? Why should they care? String the answers to these questions together for a nonprofit interchangea ble population Services International, a $350 jillion organization working to remedy health in the developing world, and you get some social function that looks like this PSI (Who? ) is a global nonprofit (What? that works to improve the health (What need? ) of the poor and vulnerable in 60 developing nations around the world (For whom? ). Combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria that obscure millions around the world (So what? ), PSI saves lives by using the power of the private sector to distribute and market health products to the neediest people. (Whats different? ) Three blushing(a) flags about elevator tests. First, ruthlessly eliminate jargon. Every sector has a specialized language, but dont use it in your elevator/ office speech. Second, avoid laundry lists of activities.Nonprofits are wonderfully inclusive organizations, with a great sense of fairness and equity amid their constituent parts, but this catch up withs for disastrous marketing. The inviolate point of an elevator speech is to boil your enterprise into a message that is simple, consistent, and most of all distinctive, so make hard choices and focus on the things you do particularly well. Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 4 Second, and perhaps most great, put some real purview into answering the question So what?Its the payoff piece of the speech, the call to action that makes the programmatic work of a nonprofit relevant. And to change policy and mien, to raise money and build a strong institution, most organizations simply must find a way to make their mission relevant to a broader constituency. Figuring out a oblige so what? response is a good place to start. Third, try to make it sticky. Is what you assume verbalise memorable? In their book, Made to Stick, Chip and Dan Heath identify the common currency of memorable ideas, a good story.And, specifically, they note the im portance of simple, true stories with cover details, unexpected twists and emotion. Does your elevator speech tell a story in a way that helps the listener remember it? For the leaders of nonprofits, the elevator test in any case can serve as a shrewd diagnostic tool for determining differences within the management team. Have everyone sit down and simultaneously craft an elevator speech give them no more than five minutes and then have people share the results. You will learn a the great unwashed about the attitudes of your senior managers and how they are portraying the organization to the outside world. he audience not coincidentally, thats why lots of marketing pieces tend to start with the discussion you. Looked at another way, marketing is a pull strategy that meets the audience where it is, and then tries to steer the audience to the desired action or look through incentives or other inducements. Marketing, it has been said, appeals to the heart. Communications, on th e other hand, typically appeals to the head. Representing the institutional perspective, sentences in communications materials usually start with the word we or else the organizations name ook at any nonprofit annual report for a case in point. Communications overly tend to be declarative, laying out a statement of opinion, a detailed factual case, or an institutional position, and then try to connect those to the audiences interests. These are classic adjure strategies in action, with the organization pushing out information (and misinformation ) about its activities or agenda. Best-practices nonprofits combine the outstrip aspects of both these approaches, and appeal to both the heart and the head.Mothers Against Drunk Driving, one of the most impressive advocacy groups of modern times, is famous for the powerful emotional appeal of its publicize streaks and legislative testimony, which prominently feature the victims of drunk drivers. But supplementing these classic marketi ng techniques, MADD in any case deploys equally classic communications strategies position papers, voters guides, legislative briefing books, and on-line advocacy, for practice. Together, this combination of disciplined marketing and rivet, curve-oriented communications has do MADD a governmental force in every statehouse and on Capitol Hill.And its not exclusively MADD. Effective organizations of all stripes are pickings advantage of both sides of the coin to get the message out about their issue, cultivate donors, and impress policymakers. Take a look next time you go to the web site or get direct mail from the content Rifle Association, the American Heart Association, or CARE. Youll see a blend of marketing and communications, things to pull you in and also to push out. Its not by accident. moral Marketing is the only hypothecate shared by everyone in the organization. An elevator speech makes sure your people have a compelling story, they stick to it and it sticks wit h their audience.Marketing Isnt Communications, and Vice Versa Nonprofits tend to use the terms marketing and communications interchangeably another indication of the overall lack of sophistication about these issues inner(a) the sector. But in that respect are substantive differences between the deuce, none more strong than their very different points of departure. Effective marketing generally starts from the point of the view of the audience, or customer, and seeks to anticipate and address their needs. Its all about you, moral move intot just communicate. Market. Essays on ExcellenceLessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 5 Marketing and Communications for Fundraising Fundraising can be the fire alarm that awakens the leader of a nonprofit to the need for marketing and communications, though, chances are, the initial interest will be less focused on strategy, and more focused on stuff glossy brochures, p retty pamphlets and verbose rawsletters that they can use to sell the organization to major(ip) donors. microphone Coda, the outgo fundraising strategist I have ever known, was famously contemptuous of this type of marketing material. All that collateral is just a crutch for a poor fundraiser, Mike would say. Its no substitute for developing relationships and listening to donors. Of course, he was right but only to a point. The marketing and communications functions can play an heavy business office in helping execute a comprehensive fundraising plan, and the truth is, the marketing/ communications shop can produce stuff to help raise money. But a word of caution here about a lot of the stuff that currently comes out. More than anything, pressures from development account for the proliferation of publications across the nonprofit sector.Our organizations are clogged with annual reports, cartridge holders, newsletters, case statements, working papers and brochures targeted at planned givers, annual givers, alumni givers, givers of every sort. The arrival of the electronic age has not reduced, but instead added to the volume of probable fundraising collateral. Now prospective donors are besieged with slickly produced DVDs as well as blogs, virtual communities, interactive websites, and more. I have always been surprised how few organizations conduct honest assessments of the costs and benefits of producing all this fundraising collateral.Its not just that it costs a lot to design, print and construct it the real issue for nonprofits is the investment of time. The true cost of a piece of fundraising collateral must reflect the amount of energy and agony that went into its development and often more painful, approval by management and the board. Everybody has a favorite story about absurd bureaucratic hurdles they have encountered to get something approved. One chief executive officer, for example, used to require the signatures of 17 different managers to approve text for use in direct mail solicitations.Needless to say, the impact of the language was much attenuated by the time it went through so many editors, reducing the return on investment as well as diverting senior managers from their real jobs. Globally distributed organizations, like the World Wildlife Fund or Save the Children, face particularly tough challenges in acquire their colleagues overseas to sign off on collateral materials or joint announcements. It is the job of the marketing and communications function to baffle discipline and causa to this process.Smart marketing managers will resist the steady drumbeat from the fundraising staff to redeem new and different materials. Instead, they will put the ball back in the court of the fundraisers by affecting some tough questions Who is your audience and what do you know about them? Why do you believe this is the best way to reach that person? What is the shelf life of this piece? What else could you spend this money on? We will come back to these important questions later in this chapter. An honest recognition of the need for fundraising is required, but so, too, is a healthy skepticism about the demands for fundraising collateral.Certainly, it makes life easier for fundraisers if they have attractive, compelling materials that reinforce the institutions divulge messages. But then remember the boxes and boxes of attractive, compelling fundraising materials from previous campaigns benefiting dust in your organizations basement. Once you decide to move forward with a piece of fundraising collateral, however, dont try to save money by cutting corners. Good marketing materials can be expensive, and you should be prepared to pay to get the kind of products that will discharge the right message to Essays on ExcellenceLessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 6 your donors. At the same time, you can often mitigate the budget ary impact by substituting quality for quantity. As so often is the case in nonprofits, the key is to focus on the few things that you can do that will have the greatest impact. moral Fundraising is often a middle component of marketing and communications, but not all fundraising collateral translates into more money raised. The success of this campaign can be measured first in lives saved. Drunk-driving deaths are down about 50 percent from all time highs.Perhaps even more enduring, the key concepts of this campaign have per coreed the public lexicon. Designated drivers. Friends dont let friends drive drunk. Drink responsibly. When the beer companies spread your message for free in their massive TV advertising campaigns, you know that you have succeeded. Lots of fine organizations run social marketing campaigns aimed at changing public behavior on a large scale the American Legacy Fund and its anti- take in efforts the American Cancer Society, which emphasizes early screening in a ll its marketing initiatives and the American Heart Association and diet.Choose to Save seeks to prove personal savings the chairpersonial Fitness Challenge to promote personal fitness. The unifying element is the focus on changing behavior, on getting people to stop doing something they presumably like and start doing something else. Nonprofit marketing often aims at behavior change, and social marketing was made to do just this. Marketing and Communications for Mission Impact After a discussion of the way in which marketing and communications can help with fundraising, the opportunity often arises to bring up the potential for it to have a direct impact on mission. Remember the movie Arthur?Dudley Moore plays an affable drunk who spends his time getting in screaming(prenominal) fixes, many involving driving his convertible while trine sheets to the wind. The movie was one of the big hits of the early 1980s coincidentally about the same time that two housewives in California w ere forming a new nonprofit called Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Fast forward a quarter century. Do you think that a movie like Arthur, with its tacit endorsement of drunk driving, could mayhap be made today? I think not. The prevailing moral winds have swung hard against drinking and driving, devising anathema what was once socially acceptable.And the reason for that is MADD. MADD is not only an exceptionally good advocacy organization that seeks and often secures legislative victories. It also excels at social marketing using the full grab bag of tricks and techniques from the marketers playbook to achieve changes in individual behaviors and social norms that also were directly in line with its mission of ending drunk driving. In the case of MADD, that means orchestrating a sustained, national marketing campaign designed to change the behavior of Americans when it comes to alcohol and automobiles. ase in point the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, which was founded in the early 90s to tackle the surging levels of teen pregnancies. A small organization only $5 million but with powerful friends, the National Campaign thought hard about best way to change the behavior of teen girls, the target audience. research showed that teenagers tended to romanticize parenthood, and did not understand the impact that caring for an infant would have on their lifestyle. But how to communicate this lesson to an elusive audience that is already deep suspect of adults?The National Campaign cleverly threaded this needle by reaching out to the producers of the afternoon TV shows targeted at teen girls. With a little persuading, the producers concord to write into the scripts of these shows storylines that made it clear what a drag it was to have a baby it ruined your figure, ruined your social life, cost a lot of money, and so forth. Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Int erest 7If the same messages had been delivered to the same audience but in the form of a public service announcement, the impact would have been marginal. But by merging the message with the content of these shows, the National Campaign managed to get the attention of these kids in a far more effective way. A lot of factors go into the sharp drop in teen pregnancies over the refinement decade, but certainly some of the credit needs to go to the National Campaign for a textbook case of social marketing in action. affable marketing cant advance every mission, and is not for every organization.It can be expensive and requires significant expertise, both in-house and out. But it works, and must be part of your marketing and communications strategy if changing the world for your organization involves changing the behavior of people health habits, purchasing choices, social norms, voting patterns. This is one of those inescapable, brutal facts about the nonprofit world, and thus bears r epeating most people have never heard of your organization, and they probably dont care much about what you do. And this is even when the work being done is undeniably good. This is a hard pill for many nonprofit people to swallow, because we all do care, passionately, about our causes and we want others to feel the same way we do. But you cant let that passion blind you to the objective realities of trying to carve out a position for your nonprofit organization with your most important audiences amid the clutter of so many competing priorities and so much background noise in multiple media. alter that position defending your organizations reputation, the one irreplaceable asset of any nonprofit is the essence of branding.The key is being disciplined in articulating the distinctive set of attributes that collectively define an organizations position in the marketplace for funding, ideas, and influence. Komen for the Cure formerly, the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation pro vides a great example of the power of nonprofit branding. Its remarkable seemly that this organization has grown in less than 25 years into the largest patronize group for breast crabby person survivors, raising almost $1 billion for breast crabby person programs.Even more impressive, however, Komen (and other initiatives, like Avons pioneering breast cancer walks) have helped bring this once-taboo disease into mainstream and make it a top public health priority even though there are other diseases, less well-funded, that kill more people every year. In the process, Komen has turned pink ribbons into instantly recognized symbols of support for breast cancer victims and even managed to co-opt the word cure. No one asks any more, Cure what? In todays context, pink plus cure has become shorthand for cure breast cancer. Little wonder, then, that when Komen revised its name and logo in 2006, the word cure took center stage. And what an upgrade Komen ditched its foundation moniker, which was always a bit confusing to donors and supporters because it did not speak to the organizations programmatic efforts to support grassroots networks of survivors, promote early screening, and moral Your mission should drive your marketing. If you are trying to change individual behaviors or social norms its time to invest in social marketing.Marketing and Communications to Build the Brand The best of the best are thinking not only of marketing for fundraising and mission impact, but also for brand building. Brands are powerful stuff. Apple, for instance, evokes immediate associations of hip, alter, innovative products with excellent design. Coke and Pepsi have spend decades (and billions in advertising) staking out their relative brand positions real thing or next generation? Nike has even managed to transcend its name, evolving into a universally recognizable logo.If you work for Apple, Coke, or Nike, you dont have to explain to anyone what your confederacy does. Everyon e knows, both in substance and style. But not so the typical nonprofit employee. Maybe youre lucky and work someplace like the National Geographic Society, which has name recognition numbers to rival IBM and Starbucks, but the chances are that few people have ever heard of your organization or care particularly about your mission or approach. Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate ProgramAdvocacy in the Public Interest 8 improve patient care. The words breast cancer, with all their negative baggage, also disappeared from the name. Instead, Komen has adroitly repositioned itself as the leading force focused on a finding a cure a positive, future-oriented message that appeals to donors, the public, and breast cancer victims alike. Komens rebranding has been successful because its new brand positioning rings true with the organizations core values, mission, and programs.This illustrates an important point about authenticity for any nonprofit trying to strengthen its brand. In the eyes of your stakeholders, its fine to change the various attributes of your brand your name, logo, messages, and programmatic emphasis as long as what youre changing to passes the authenticity test. (Imagine Komen moving into an issue such as prostate cancer they simply would not enjoy the same credibility and clout that they have earned in the breast cancer arena. The lack of authenticity also helps explain the failure of so many high-profile corporate rebranding efforts call it Phillip Morris or the Altria Group, in the public mind both are merchants of death, and no new logo can change that. As marketing guru Seth Godin force say, Komen is an example of the tremendous power to be found in telling an authentic story in a low-trust world. So be careful about undermining the existing equity in your nonprofit brand.The National Audubon Society knowing this lesson in the early 1990s, when the organizations new leadership unconque rable that Audubon needed to take a much more aggressive governmental posture. They ditched the revered whooping crane logo (the bird image hurts us, the CEO said at the time), fired the veteran editor of their signature magazine, and launched the kind of political activists campaigns usually associated with the Sierra Club. But that wasnt what Audubon members wanted. They were birders. They liked the crane. They wanted the magazine full of enceinte photographs of warblers, not partisan screeds on toxic waste.The defections were swift, and Audubons membership and fundraising dropped sharply. Finally the board had to act and the CEO was ousted in 1996, only three years after launching the revolution. The new CEO wisely returned to the focus on birds, but even so, Audubon has never recovered its peak membership of the late 1980s. Despite the importance of branding and reputation, nonprofits are notoriously poor brand managers. Building a brand can be difficult and very expensive, an d the results are typically hard to measure or not immediately apparent.As a result, nonprofits rarely invest the necessary resources to secure top-flight marketing talent, to produce peachy marketing materials, to soak up the media, to implement a consistent and appropriate visual identity system, and to do all the other supporting activities that fall under the pass of branding. To be sure, branding is no longer a dirty word in nonprofit circles, as it was in the 1990s, but this type of advanced marketing is still the first thing that gets cut when the funding is tight and the digest item in the budget to be restored. Such foolishness wouldnt last long in the private sector.When sales are down, do Ford and General Motors reduce the advertising budget or slash the marketing department? Regrettably, about the only thing that compels nonprofit leaders to pay attention to branding is when something goes spectacularly wrong at a high-profile peer organization. And some of the mar chioness brands in the nonprofit world have taken a real battering in recent years the American Red Cross, United Way, or the Smithsonian Institution, among others. Ask any of these nonprofits how much their brand is worth to them and what kind of impairment they have suffered and how it could have been even worsened.Then you might think twice in the lead taking a red pencil to the marketing budget. moral Your brand defines your organization to the outside world. Take the initiative and define yourself, before one of your enemies tries to define you. Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 9 Developing Successful Marketing and Communications Strategies With the desire for fundraising, mission impact and brand building understood, the key question becomes one of strategy, taking you from where you are to where you want to be.And strategy is fundamentally about fashioning choices. This scar es the hell out of the typical nonprofit employee. After all, making choices means that you might not choose me As in Lake Woebegone, we in the nonprofit sector believe ourselves to be all above average, somehow special and immune from the laws of supply and demand that govern the rest of the world. The nonprofit culture often conflict-averse, participatory, and given to consensus decisiveness-making further complicates the task of making real strategic choices. No wonder so many decisions inside nonprofit institutions end up as compromises.But making tough choices is not optional when it comes to developing communications or marketing strategy. The reason is simple. No matter who you are, it costs too much for nonprofits to compete in this realm. Even Coca-Cola has to make hard choices about whom it targets with its marketing dollars. For nonprofits, operating with only a fraction of the resources of corporations, discipline and focus become all the more important in developing effective communications strategies. Your chances of success depend both on well-conceived strategy and on the quality of your implementation plan.Brilliantly conceived marketing concepts have failed because of disconnects between planning and doing. A good marketing or communications strategy should flow in a tight logical sequence, starting with a very explicitly articulated objective or goal, all the way through the tactics and accountability. The more measurable the goal, the better get the state legislature to fund this or that program, reduce teen smoking rates, raise attendance at the museum. You may not be able to avoid such amorphous goals as raise awareness, but you can ensure that your communications plan is driving toward a specific outcome.The real guts of a high-quality marketing and communications plan follow directly from the goal. As long as its aimed at a measurable result, the time-honored audience, message, vehicle formula has unconnected none of its relevancy audience Which individuals or institutions do you need to reach and/or influence to achieve your programmatic objective? Can they be identified according to demographic or geographic, personality or lifestyle characteristics? Are they already aware of your issue and organization? message What message will be active each of your vehicle What is the best means of delivering the arget audiences to take the required actions? After all, awareness matters not if nothing changes. message to the target audience? What combination of tools and vehicles work best? What individuals can serve as effective messengers? Not very complicated, right? And if its as simple as that, then how come marketing consultants continue to earn handsome fees from nonprofits? First of all, its not that simple. Crafting a communications plan for a nonprofit that will cut through the background noise requires skill and ingenuity. But compounding the problem, nonprofits infrequently take the time to do this right.Im patient executive directors tend to focus on tactics, obsessing on such things as their column in the organizations newsletter or signing off on all direct mail copy. Audience research and message testing can be expensive, so often nonprofits will try shortcuts or simply close their eyes and do something even more dangerous assume. And belaboring the whole process can be the immense self-absorption of so many nonprofits. Mission-driven organizations, with their singular focus on a cause such as human rights or the environment, can come across as cults of the self-righteous, demanding that supporters drink their proverbial purple Kool-Aid.Their communications and marketing materials will ask for buy-in to a full set of beliefs, rather than support for a single solution to an identifiable problem that matters to their audience. This can lead to big problems. Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Inter est 10 Developing tightly integrated marketing and communications plans with a focus on a measurable goal, and a clearly identified target audience thus can serve as the perfect antidote for the congenital lack of discipline and self-referentialism of so many nonprofits.It will ensure that you spend what you need to spend and not any more. It will ensure that whatever you do spend will be aimed toward a pre-determined result (and evaluated accordingly). moral You cant go far wrong in communications if you stick to the Holy Trinity Audience. Message. Vehicle. In growth to the general public, a few other hardy perennials seem to pop up onto most nonprofit lists of priority audiences. There are policymakers as if county, city, state, federal, and international institutions were all the same.This phrase lumps together elected officials, appointed officials, and legislative staff the executive, judicial, and legislative branches and often the media elites, academics, and other key inf luencers as well. Then there are major donors and foundations. These too are highly idiosyncratic audiences, requiring discrete messages and careful handling. Specificity matters when identifying and prioritizing audiences. The more general and broad the audience, the more difficult it is to tailor and deliver a powerful, compelling message that will resonate with that audience.Political campaigns see this dynamic all the time whenever a candidate has to reach out beyond his or her base. The red meat issues that so inspired the faithful dont always translate well when packaged for a wider audience. The same logic applies to the nonprofit sector. The narrower the audience you choose, and the more audience appropriate your approach, the higher the probability that you can move that audience to action. Selecting and ranking your audiences is a bit like solving a puzzle. Start with your objective. Who do you need to make progress?In other words, what group of people (or institutions) w ill have the necessary clout to make a difference both to block what you want or else to make it happen? The answers to these questions cannot be based on wishful thinking or guesswork rather, it requires a clear-eyed and sometimes coldblooded analysis of the world of the possible. I learned about the importance of figuring out the right audience years ago, when I was involved in a campaign to nourish the desert tortoise, whose listing as an endangered species threatened to shut down realestate development in Las Vegas.The key to the whole deal was getting the local Board of Supervisors to put up a bunch of money to acquire habitat for the tortoise way out in the desert. It didnt take us long to focus like a laser on the target audience of our campaign the nine members of the board of supervisors. About Audiences I still get splenetic when my nonprofit clients list the general public as one of their target audiences. I remind them that there is no such animal in todays sophistic ated marketing universe, no one not Proctor & Gamble, not General Motors, not Unilever tries to sell to the general public. And certainly no nonprofit can be in the business of trying to appeal to such an amorphous and diverse audience. Yet all too many nonprofits flow in the fantasy that they can reach and then mobilize a broad audience. If you are the AARP, to be sure, you can easily roust your membership of 35 million to action whenever there is a political attack on Social Security or Medicare. But even if they were to get all 35 million, thats still barely a tenth of the country, and hardly representative of the general public. An exceptionally savvy and politically astute institution, AARP instead makes careful, informed judgments about what political coalition they need to achieve their legislative goals, and then methodically reaches out to those audiences. Thats a far cry, and far more strategic, than trying to spread the word about your cause through every possible chan nel to every possible audience. Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 11 But we really didnt even bother with all nine.Three of them were on our side already, and three opposed. To get a majority, we needed to target the two undecided supervisors an audience of exactly two. I am happy to report that both of these fine elected officials were deeply impressed by our poll of voters that showed strong public support for protecting the tortoises. They agreed to support the appropriation we were seeking. Today a healthy population of tortoises thrives at a wildlife refuge created for them in Searchlight, Nevada. The poll that broke the political logjam cost around $10,000.If we had been less careful in choosing our audience if, say, we had targeted the voters of I have no doubt that we would have spent a lot more money and accomplished less in terms of conservation. The alternative would have been expensive and timeconsuming grassroots campaign, with no guarantee of success. With inherently limited means, nonprofits, therefore, should be ruthless in narrowing their target audiences to the greatest degree possible. Whats the irreducible minimum, the smallest audience I can reach and still achieve my objective? It could be two people, as in the Las Vegas case, or it could be thousands.The numbers matter less than sacking through the exercise of drawing an explicit link between the audience and the desired outcome. At the very least, this keeps you from spending time and money trying to engage people who arent interested in what you do, and never will be. Im all for being on the same page. Thats why highimpact nonprofits have a position statement and elevator speech, an organization-wide mission and unifying goals. But dont confuse or conflate these framing elements of your organizations positioning with the messages that you are trying to deliver to your target audiences. Certainly, there will be considerable overlap, and messages must be consistent with the overall brand. If you fall in the trap of starting with your message first, you will never really succeed at marketing or communicating about your organization. Instead, the needs of the audience ordain the message. Nonprofits often miss this point and believe that the message should be about them. But it most emphatically is not. More than just slogans, messages should be designed to motivate the target audience to go beyond awareness and take action to vote one way or another, make a donation or sign a petition, to stop smoking or exercise more.Whats more, messages have to speak directly to the needs, desires, and aspirations of the audience. Whats in it for them? Why should they care? And how might your messages lessen the perceived costs or highlight the perceived benefits of taking action? Messages can evoke emotion (fear or hope, for example) or appeal to reason (using statistics or anecd otes) but in either case, the message needs to address a top-of-mind concern not for you, but for your target audience, and do so in a simple, compelling way.Obviously, the more you know about your audience, the better you can devise messages that will scratch their particular itch. Market research, consequently, plays a critical role in communications and marketing campaigns. Research helps you understand your audiences attitudes and concerns, their priorities and where your issue stands relative to others for them. Meanwhile, research into language testing specific words and phrases can ensure that messages will resonate with the target audience. And market research also plays a role in figuring out how to deliver your message.What are the common characteristics of those in your target audience? How does your target audience get information? Who do they trust for accurate data? What do they read? Do they all watch the same TV shows? moral There is no such thing as the general pu blic. Find the audience that matters most to your mission, and focus on them like a laser beam. About Messages About 45 minutes into the first meeting on developing a new communications strategy, someone usually an long-time employee from the program side of the organization will express frustration with all the attention being pent on audiences. Lets just get our message straight and go from there, this person will say. We all need to be on the same page. Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 12 Brevity is the second success factor in developing effective messages. The more clear and compelling the message, the greater the likelihood of moving your audience to act. In the desert tortoise case, for example, the message couldnt have been clearer your constituents overwhelmingly support this. In short, it is a votewinner.By contrast, once you branch out into a more complex message, espec ially one that requires context, its easy to lose the thread and hence the audience. The environmental community had this problem for years with the issue of global warming, which until very recently was a hard sell to policymakers because the story wasnt being told well. Finally, let me iterate that effective messages incorporate an explicit call to action. A message without an explicit ask may help build awareness of a particular issue or cause, but awareness by itself rarely results in positive social change.The Lance Armstrong Foundation discovered the importance of this lesson when to their astonishment the yellow prophylactic LiveSTRONG bracelets exploded in popularity by the tens of millions. Within months, the market was awash in different colored bracelets white, pink, red and so forth. Armstrongs cause promoting cancer survivorship was lost in this technicolor jumble, and not least because they were unprepared to channel the immense initial interest in their work into a simple ask. The ask also has to correct with the problem or product.The famous Got Milk? campaign, for example, also got a ton of attention for its innovative approach hip advertising with milk mustaches on celebrities and the ask was obviously there, but it initially and famously failed in its goal of increasing milk sales. It turns out people loved the ads because they were fun and clever, not because they presented a compelling argument to go out and drink more of the same old boring milk. It took better alignment with the actual product new bottles, different flavors before milk sales were affected.Back in the nonprofit world, the Lance Armstrong Foundation is now aimed at turning the LiveSTRONG awareness (wear a yellow bracelet) into an ask for united political action (vote for cancer funding), and achieving far more tangible results, such as the recent passage of a $3 billion bond initiative for cancer research in Texas. When the message aligns with the interests of the audience, by contrast, possibilities abound. To rejuvenate membership and participation, in 2000 the Girl Scouts ditched their stodgy Brownie image and adopted a message power structure organized around the theme where girls grow strong. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy reached its teen audience by stressing how having a baby resulted in the loss of social status and the addition of many new responsibilities. But the gold standard for effective messaging in the nonprofit world revolves around the Truth campaign, an initiative designed by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids to reduce teen smoking in Florida. Conventional anti-smoking messages aimed at teens asserted that smoking wasnt cool and stressed the health risks, the smell, and the cost.They preached responsibility and just saying no. And as anyone with teenage children could tell you, those messages were doomed from the start. When you are immortal, like all 17 year olds, you dont care about developing lung c ancer at 65. You also deeply resent insults to your intelligence, so being lectured that smoking isnt cool just doesnt fly. Rebels smoke, and always have Bogart, Bacall, Dean, Che. The Truth campaign started from a whole different place. The ads, funded with tobacco settlement money, were written and produced by teens.Instead of telling kids that smoking was bad for them or somehow uncool, the teenagers in the Truth ads openly acknowledged the right of their peers to make their own decisions about smoking. (Independence being a key inducement for teens. ) Instead, the ads zeroed in on the tobacco companies, and, in particular, charges about tobacco advertising intended to lure children and teenagers into smoking. In essence, therefore, the message in the Truth ads was all about manipulation did you know that the adults at big Tobacco are trying o manipulate you into smoking? Again, parents will recognize immediately the huge leverage in this message the only thing kids hate more th an sanctimonious adults are manipulative adults. Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 13 And Truth worked. Florida was one of the few states that actually experienced a drop in teenage smoking rates. Most telling, the tobacco industry absolutely loathed the Truth campaign and did everything in its power to stop it.When you have attracted the ire of the master marketers at Phillip Morris and RJR, you can be sure that you have honed a pretty effective message. moral Figure out what motivates your audience. Thats the basis for your message, not what the board, management, and staff want. About Messengers and Vehicles When SeaWeb and other ocean advocacy organizations became concerned about the rapid decline of the swordfish and other species known as much for their popularity on our plates as their populations in the oceans, they decided to enlist top chefs, rather than movie stars, as their main messengers.Why? Their research showed that the public looked to chefs for advice on seafood. And Paul Prudhomme already had exemplified the way that a top chef, with a catch phrase and heavy seasoning, could take the relatively bland redfish, and create a dining sensation while unintentionally driving a species closer to the point of extinction. The hope was that those who set the nations menus would take a step in the opposite direction, and stop promoting a popular fish that was now in trouble. The organizations enlisted hundreds of leading chefs from across the nation in a campaign to give swordfish a reak. The media liked the messenger, picked up the message, and policymakers listened, taking action to protect swordfish back in the sea. The messenger whole is not enough, but the right messenger carrying the right message can do wonders to motivate an audience. Of course, that message also needs to reach the audience in a way they trust. For SeaWeb and the swordfish, the f ocus was not only on the media outlets that reached the policymakers who controlled fishing regulations, but also on arranging one-on-one meetings directly with those policymakers.With the advent of the Internet, the number and variety of arrows in the marketing and communications quiver has increased exponentially. Once an audience is identified, there are now more paths than ever to their proverbial doorstep. While personal meetings, printed materials, earned media and advertising remain important in many cases, increasingly the centerpiece of an effective marketing strategy is no longer offline, but online. The best web sites have evolved from being simple online brochures to nodes on larger networks.Blogs offer an opportunity to send and receive more sophisticated and nuanced messages, especially to those who follow your issues with rapt attention. And email systems are becoming so cost effective that savvy organizations can now do the sort of differentiated marketing and inform ation exchanges with large groups in a way that they once had to reserve only for use with VIPs. The catch, of course, is that for organizations to make the most of these new tools, they need to relinquish some control and allow the public to participate.The networked nature of the Internet is at the core of a small d pop revolution in the creation of distribution of information. In keeping with the title of Jed Miller and Rob Stuarts influential article, network-centric thinking certainly is a challenge to ego-centric organizations. If a nonprofit leader still wants to employ a 17-step approval process for every bit of information going out the door, that organization will simply not thrive in the Internet age. moral Put the right messenger in the right vehicle and let it fly.Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 14 Managing a Communications Crisis The recurring nightmare of every communi cations manager starts with a phone call. Im calling from 60 Minutes, the nightmare begins. Id like to come over and ask you a few questions about your organization. These words typically trigger a series of immediate reactions on the part of recipient panic, a sinking touch perception in the gut, the sweats. And with good reason.When you hear from investigative journalists, its generally not because they are interested in all the good work you do. To the contrary their job is to expose what you arent doing well. To paraphrase a reporter who covers the nonprofit sector for a leading newspaper, Foundation gives grant is not news. Nonprofit helps people is not news. Nonprofit misuses foundation money thats news. This attitude infuriates the boards and staff of nonprofit organizations. Its so unfair, they wail. Journalists dont understand all the great work we do on behalf of our mission.Why dont they go get a bad guy? Rather than indulge in self-pity and anti-media resentment afte r the fact, nonprofits would be wise to prepare themselves in advance for communications crises that may never come. Planning and forethought represent your best, perhaps only hope for mitigating the institutional damage that comes from a full-blown reputational crisis. When it hits the fan, you wont have time to do anything but react, and by that time, you will have already lost. At the same time, how can you prepare for something that hasnt happened yet or that you dont know about?Nonprofit staff, just like their peers in the private sector and government, are loath to acknowledge break and in many cases do their best to bury mistakes far from the light of day. How can the poor communications director possibly know which of these little disasters is going to burrow out of the bureaucratic morass and land on the front page of The New York Times? Two kinds of stories in particular seem to agitate the media when it comes to nonprofits. The first has to do with the compensation and b ehavior of nonprofit managers.Much of the mainstream media has unfortunately bought into the idea that those working in the charitable sector deserve to be paid much less, and should act much better than their private-sector counterparts, and thus the spate of stories in the press about lavishly compensated nonprofit CEOs or a personal indiscretion that would go unnoticed in the for-profit world. Whether these criticisms are valid or not is irrelevant. The fact, the appearance of nonprofit profiteering or inappropriate behavior remains a huge red flag for the press.Hypocrisy is the second big trigger. If the media finds out, for example, that your anti-smoking coalition has been accepting money from tobacco companies, your reputation is basically toast. No explaining that decision away. The same holds true for childrens programs that actually benefit adults or when a high-profile televangelist is discovered with his pants down. The press holds nonprofits and others working in the ch aritable sector to a higher ethical standard, and when organizations violate that trust, the journalistic response is usually swift and merciless.So what can the nonprofit marketing professional do? Is the only choice to take the punches? Actually, thats not such a bad strategy, depending on the severity of the media attack and the depths of your organizational culpability. If you dont argue if you just admit that you made mistakes and assure your stakeholders that the problem is being fixed, oftentimes the press will get bored and move on to a new story. Its no fun picking a fight with someone who refuses to fight back.This kind of institutional jujitsu works best for dealing with cases of employee fraud or theft, accidents, or other isolated incidents. Higher-stakes assaults on your reputation ones that suggest a pattern of inappropriate behavior merit a more aggressive response. No one has thought more deeply about this than Lanny Davis, who helped Bill Clinton fend off media inquiries into White House Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate ProgramAdvocacy in the Public Interest 15 fundraising practices. Frustrated both by the lawyers inside the White House, who fought releasing any information to the public, and the press, who were convinced of a massive cover-up, Davis conceived a set of three simple rules for handling crisis communications Tell it all. Tell it early. And tell it yourself. tell it all Since Watergate, generations of media relations professionals have cleaved to the mantra that the cover-up is always worse than the original sin.The reason is simple nothing keeps a story in the news more than having information dribble out slowly, with each new revelation allowing the press to rehash everything that has gone before. Whats worse, each new revelation only confirms the suspicions of the press that you arent being straight with them. So why do so many organizations violate this basic tene t of crisis communications? First, as noted earlier, no one likes to admit error. For nonprofits, which depend on voluntary contributions, there is also real fear that owning up to mistakes will damage their reputation and thus hurt their fundraising.Even more fundamental, though, its often very difficult to gather and get straight all the facts about a tricky situation in time to meet the deadlines of the press. This leads to incomplete or evasive answers that often have to be corrected later with predictable results. Who can ever forget Richard Nixons press secretary saying that information is no longer artificer? The only possible defense against accusations of a cover-up is to get to the bottom of the issue internally and then make a complete and frank account statement externally.Even the most embarrassing details are better told up front than leaking out later. Or as Davis says tell it all. But the most important reason to tell it early is so that you can control or attemp t to control how the issue gets framed. If something has gone terribly wrong inside your organization, you want to be the person announcing it to the press, rather than the other way around. It gives you a chance to play a little offense, not only to reveal the transgression but also to announce what youre going to do about it.In such circumstances, your best hope of avoiding a media feeding frenzy is to acknowledge the full extent of the error (tell it all), take full responsibility for what happened (passing the buck infuriates the press), and lay out a series of action steps to prevent recurrences. tell it yourself Theres no guarantee, of course, that telling it all and telling it early will suffice to call off the media. Some will always question whether youve taken strong enough action, or whether the responsible people have been appropriately disciplined.But the alternative waiting for your dirty laundry to be aired in the press is invariably worse. And make no mistake your unsavory organizational secrets will eventually come to light. Bad news is too juicy and has too many avenues for escape. I learned this lesson the hard way when I was running communications for The Nature Conservancy. Disgruntled with the new directions of the Conservancys president, at least three different people from inside management were leaking documents to The Washington Post.This is every reporters dream multiple sources with access to inside information and a grudge. As a result, the Post spent months asking questions to which they already knew the answer, hoping to catch the organization in a contradiction. You cant just worry about an errant employee, though. Even if you believe down to the depths of your soul that your organization is beyond reproach, both in its mission and its actions, there is, without doubt, someone out there who would like to see you stopped in your tracks.Identify those potential enemies in the same way you would identify your potential allies, and be prepared for when they come knocking. tell it early In the public mind, stonewalling equals guilt (just as most people instantly interpret the classic no comment as an admission of error). The longer you wait to respond to charges, the more validity those charges assume. These factors alone provide a powerful incentive for nonprofits to get their side of the story out fast. moral Dont pick fights with people who buy ink by the barrel. Instead, learn to take your medicine and follow the Davis Rules.Essays on Excellence Lessons from the Georgetown Nonprofit Management Executive Certificate Program Advocacy in the Public Interest 16 About the Author David Williamson is Managing Director of the consulting firm of Bernuth & Williamson, serving nonprofit clients in the areas of strategy, marketing, and communications. He previously served for 13 years in senior management positions at The Nature Conservancy, the nations 10th largest nonprofit, including six years as Director of Com munications (19972002) and terms as Vice President for Marketing and Director of Conservation Marketing.He is an adjunct professor of business administration at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University and has lectured on nonprofit management at Harvard Business School, Stanford Business School, and the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University, among others. Williamson, a summa cum laude graduate of Princeton University, serves in leadership positions on three nonprofit boards in addition to his work with clients. David Williamson

Improving Classroom Behavior and Social Skills Essay

Improving classroom behavior and amicable skills is pertaining to an over-all impact on the childs learning abilities. This strategy is oddly aimed when there are students who have disabilities. The teacher holdly affects childrens give upness and inappropriateness and the classroom set up. It is a must to gauge the structure and reliability of daily activities and the rules of conduct set by teachers in assessing classroom variables.Proactive measures or guidelines have been established in sustaining an atmosphere of positive learning and appropriate behavior for children free or with disabilities. Interventions delivered in a regular classroom have the greatest potential to enhance prosocial competencies by altering the classroom social system to support all students, including rejected and isolated students, students with disabilities, and low-performing students, all of whom are at risk for social difficulties (Rathvon, 2008, p. 321).The Council for exceptional Children has founded the eight behavioral management measures effectuate classroom to meet social/emotional needs as nearly as instructional and organizational needs adjust schedules to provide a residual between highly structured periods and more stimulating activities establish a group behavior management plan that incorporates individual needsProvide direct instruction, programmed learning, and precision teaching lessons provide group-building opportunities that move students from an I to a We orientation be aware of how individual needs affect group dynamics interpret to students physiological as well as psychological needs much of the acting out behavior reflects a need for power or maintenance and attempt to give as little emotional response as possible to inappropriate behavior (Council for Exceptional Children 2006-2007).The classroom, consists of twenty students, four of them have impairments, is unionised but still conducive for playful learning. I have spy the following routi nes drawing time, playtime with materials (e.g clay), reading time with teacher and a on the spur of the moment recitation after that. These routines are very functional since they dont only learn skills like creativity and imagination, they also get to mingle and move with fellow students and unconsciously learn and brainstorm their thoughts and ideas.The four most challenging behaviors during my observation are inability to focus or display of inadequacy, petty fights between pupils, some inappropriate behaviors like noise, which is unavoidable at their age, and loitering around the classroom. The teacher has handled everything with grace. Yelling was never an alternative for her. Though her voice was not as console as it should be, she managed to pull out superiority in the softest possible way. She also gives rewards when pupils get satisfactory remarks and this is peerless of the best strategies at this stage of learning. Noise is one of the most challenging behaviors she had to face.Since children at this stage are very hard to control, judgment can never be made in accordance. But overall, her behavioral techniques and strategies are effective. The students had used the typical verbal and non verbal expressions most of us do. Nodding of head and hand gestures as non verbal communications and answering by yes or no and brief explanation during recitation as verbal. When the teacher says something that they totally agree on, students tend to nod their head repetitively and it goes as well by saying yes or no when the teacher asks them. As preschoolers, their thoughts are not yet firmly constructed.I would prioritize using a console tone of voice as a behavioral management technique. This is one of the most significant techniques the teacher overlooked. Reassurances or giving out positive comments is also an important way of appreciating the students works. However, criticisms should be given constructively and not degradingly. Well organization of c lassroom, like cleanliness and things properly placed on their shelves, should also be observed all the time for safety policies.Rewards and punishment is a very effective behavioral management. When a student gets a remark higher than the average, the teacher gives rewards, otherwise, punishment is given. But most of the times, punishment are just given in forms of assignments or projects.ReferencesKelley, M. K., Noell, G., & Reitman, D. (2003). Practitioners Guide to empirically based measures of school behaviour. 18,Rathvon, R. (Ed.) (2008). Effective School Interventions. Guilford Press.Council for Exceptional Children. 2006-2007.

Germans children Essay

The children of the Jewish Holocaust during the Nazi era were move under very unjust, cruel, and exacting circumstances. Education, a canonical in effect(p) of children in developed nations of that era, was denied to Jews in areas of Europe where Hitlers rule and influence were adopted. During the time of transition during which the exclusion of Jewish children from trails was being implemented, non-Jewish children were formally taught that their Jewish counterparts were inferior.In order to do this, Jewish y out(p)h were used to demonstrate the appearance of inferiority by placing them in front of the class and pointing out their attribute phenotypes as being undesirable. Occurrences like this placed severe limitations on the ability of Jews to learn in these schools, as they were constantly mistreated, neglected, and abused because of their race. Growing restrictions were also placed upon these childrens accessibility to the resources within the schools, until finally they wer e prevented altogether from functioning schools, which were open now only to Germans children (FCIT).Fred Spiegel describes his first weeks of school (shul) in Dinslaken, Germany, where he had to attend a Jewish shul, as the German schools were no longer open to Jewish children (Spiegel 27, 29). The alternative Jewish schools were understaffed and unsupported by the state. Spiegel himself recalls his schools having only one teacher (29). Later, Arnold Blum recalls an even more frightening occurrence in which his school was being burned before his very eye (Blum, 20). He immortalizes this event in his memoir Kristallnacht (20).More than just restricting these Jewish childrens ability to attend state schools, they were being stripped of their right to any education at all in the burning of their Jewish school. The parks were also an area in which Jewish children felt the abuse of Nazism. German children, who were armed with the idea that Jews were inferior, played in the parks and di scriminated against the Jews they found there. The Jewish children were called names, spat upon, and separatewise abused by non-Jewish children.Spiegel also describes his time dog-tired in the park behind his house in Dinslaken. The last time he remembers going there, he was cursed and called a Dirty Jew by the other children (Spiegel, 28). His grandfather too was cursed by his friends. Kristallnacht, which occurred on November 9-10, 1938, ushered in the destruction of all that was Jewish. Beyond the burning of schools came the burning and destruction of Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues (Blum, 20). Fred Spiegel recalls the iniquity he was forced to leave his home and the abuses even he as a child faced.He was already emotionally crippled by the upsurge of his community being gutted by fires. He further recalls being cursed and spit upon by the non-Jews as he and his family were being forced from their homes. Some Jews were evicted to denseness camps and ghettos. Others w ere turned out of the country altogether. Spiegel writes about the events he witnessed upon entering his home, which had been destroyed, for the last time as a child My mother, sister, and my Aunt Klara were standing on the balcony crying.My grandfather had been arrested and taken away by two policemen. Soon the two policemen returned. We were told we could not stay in our apartment and had to go with them. On the way out we passed by the downstairs apartment that was empty because the Abosch-family, a Jewish family who had rented it from my mother, had been expelled to Poland a few weeks earlier. Their apartment too was totally destroyed (Spiegel, 30). Children were also abused through the mandate that they live in the ghettos.Because the ghettos were sequestered from the rest of the German civilization and restrictions were placed on items that could be brought into the area, children often suffered hunger. Many of them were reduced to smuggling fodder into the ghettos in order to aid in the support of their families. While these were very risky actions, some Jewish children were left even more vulnerable as their parents were killed or taken away to concentration camps. These orphaned children were left alone in the ghettos to make a living under doubly cruel circumstances.

Review of Schechner’s Performance Theory: Approach Essay

Schechners hypothesis has been one of the most prominent bases of knowing performance theory (). From my acknowledgement, based on Schechners theory, in knowing to approach/perform, Cambridge Theory seems to be the main explanation of this chapter. This theory consists of shamanism and/or classical rites that (in Schechners opinion) clearly relates to theater of operations, in addition games, music, sports and theater are quite similar in terms of rules, time, space, objects and non-productivity.In assumption, the origin theater comes from the Greek. According to the Greek, they are the ones who prepare theater. They make theater as a primal ritual for their God, Dionysus. However, this statement has not been proven exactly. But in the other(a) hand, Murray states vividly about how Greek states their rites as one of the primal ritual. It is called Sacer Ludus. In this ritual, it consists of the dithyramb, where the story develops into a tragedy. The other one is called phallic d ances. It refers to comedy approach. As a result, this ritual connects with theater as well.It is hardly an exaggeration to say that when we look back to the beginnings of European literature we find everywhere drama, and always drama derived from a religious ritual designed to ensure the rebirth of a dead world (Murray 19619).As it is been told before, Schechner gathers several groups of performance. Firstly it is play, and then it comes to games, sports, theater and ritual. Each of them has several elements time, object, non-productivity, rules and space. Each performance has its particularized time. For instance, when a guy tells a girl that he likes her, normally the girl responds normally. But if the girl responds him longer, then it make the guy assume that the girl is in doubt. In addition, object is also an outstanding element. Because it defines the setting and character visually, therefore the audience can tell what the play represents.For example, in a basketball game game, the basketball is the important object in the game. If the basketball is located inside the apartment, the context would be different therefore the ball isnt valuable anymore. Non-productivity is also important because every play must be set in a budget. If not, there would be no performance. Also, theater applies rules, so does games, sports and ritual. For example, each team in soccer player must have 11 people, while in theater it must contain player/actor and audience. While space, it takes different structures of lieu to perform, whether it is a game, ritual, sports and theater.Each space is different. For example, when you want to make a blocking during play, we must know when to come and when to go, and we must know the distance between the other actors. Above the information, in this case, I personally agree on Murrays statement, yet I as well disagree on the thought that theater comes from Greek. Because in my opinion ritual is a part of peoples daily lives. People s eem to make ritual as a symbolization of human being. Therefore, in order to approach people, they make a primal ritual for Dionysus and each individual.

Homework Assignment Essay

1.Prepare an analysis of the cable car manufacturing industry using Porters five forces framework. For each component force provide support for your conclusion. In addition, at the completion of your analysis provide a conclusion, along with support, of whether you expect the automobile industry to report high or low profitability in the near future.2. Tremble Company manufactures outdoors wear for women. During 2009, the company reported the succeeding(a) items that affected cash.RequiredIndicate whether each of these items is a cash flow from operating activities (O), investing activities (I), or financing activities (F).A. Paid cash for suppliesB. Purchased equipment by paying(a) cashC. Collected cash on account from customersD. Paid dividends to stockholdersE. Paid suppliers for fabricF. Borrowed money from a bank on a long-term parentageG. Paid interest to bank on the noteH. Paid wages to employeesI. Sold shares of common stock to new stockholders3. The following selected fin ancial data affect to four companies a hotel, a travel agency, a meat packing company and a pharmaceutical company.Required Match each with the financial nurture and explain why you made your choice as you did.Balance Sheet Data(component percentages)Company1Company2Company 3Company 4Cash7.222.06.011.2Accounts Receivable28.040.03.423.0Inventory21.40.50.927.4Property, Plant & Equipment 32.019.075.125.0Income Statement Data(component percentages)Gross Profit15.2Not ApplicableNot Applicable44.0Profit in the first place Taxes1.83.32.57.0RatiosCurrent ratio (over the last five years)1.61.30.51.8Inventory turnover ratio27.8Not ApplicableNot Applicable 3.4 Debt-to-equity ratio1.82.35.81.44. Use the current asset section of the balance sheets of the El Paso Company as of January 31, 2012 and 2011 presented below to answer the questions that follow.2012 2011Cash and cash equivalents$ 75,000$ 58,800Trade accounts receivable, net 157,500 193,200Inventory 208,200 253,400Other current assets 18,400 15,500Total current assets$ 459,100$ 520,900Total assets$2,650,000$3,430,000Required(a) In the spaces provided below, remove a Percentage Change analysis of the current asset section of El Paso Companys balance sheet for 2012, using the following fix up to provide your answers for the amount of dollar change and the amount of percentage change, rounding % Change to one decimal place, e.g., 8.3%.Accounts$ Change% Change(b) Provide a succinct evaluation of this analysis.

English Banking Law Essay

INTRODUCTIONThere argon three types of run down frauds exists in UK viz. forge, counterfeit and fraudulently altered cheque fraud. In 2005, the cheque fraud in U.K was estimated about 40.3 million a 13% decrease from the 2004 total of 46.2 million. The earlier year figures also revealed a steady increase totaling 36million in 2002 and 45million in 2003.In U.K during 2005, counterfeit cheque fraud was estimated at 3.23m, speculative cheques fraud was estimated at 30.9 m in 2005 and fraudulently altered cheque fraud was estimated at 6.2 millions.SOURCE FRAUD FACTS -2006 APACS- UKThis paper studies the various protections available to banks and customers when using cheques as opposed to display panels, as method of payment.PROTECTION AVAILABLE TO CHEQUE PAYMENTS UNDER turn on OF EXCHANGE ACT, 1882, UK (BEA) AND CHEQUES ACT 1957Under Bill of Exchange Act, 1882, under section 81 A, a non-transferable cheques has been defined as follows81 A (1). Where as cheques is cover and bears across its gift the row composition payee or a/c either with or without the word entirely, the cheques shall not be transferable still shall only be valid as between the parties thereto.(2) A banker is not to be treated for the purpose of section 80 above as having been indifferent by reasons only of his failure to concern himself with any purported second gear of a cheque which under subsection (1) above or separatewise is not transferable. (Cheques Act, 1992). 1 risk associated with the cheques bearing high-risk or unauthorized second gears. that protection is available under the English Bills of exchange Act, (BEA, or the Act). Under BEA, a legitimate holder of a cheques payable to be ber attain a good title to the instrument overcoming thereby any adverse claim of possessorship that susceptibility have been hold good against his predecessor.Accordingly, the payment by the fallee bank to those acquirers discharges the cheques as well as the drawers engageme nt thereon so as to permit the drawee bank to debit the drawees broadsheet. But this is not applicable to cheques payable to order. In the case of payable to order cheques, effect of an unauthorised or an absence of endorsement or defective endorsement shall have to be looked into under the circumstances of forged endorsements.One of the ways to go on forged endorsement or spillage cod to stolen cheques is to use crossed cheques or cheques payable in account. Cheques crossing are available under the BEA, UK. The crossed cheques requires to deposit the cheques into account rather than payable to bearer does not reallocate the cheques theft losings but it minimizes the loss and thus benefits the party on whom the loss falls.Further the losses arose due to stolen cheques or loss cheques payable to bearer fall on the dispossessed owner under BEA. thus under BEA , reallocation of loss apart from dispossessed owner may not be successful in case of crossed cheques payable to bearer as the onerous shifted to bank for its neglectfulness. If a bank has exerciseed in good conviction and it is protected under BEA for the payment make to open cheques to bearer. In the case of crossed cheques, if the bank seeks protection, it should have acted without negligence and in good faith. Under BEA, if forged endorsement losses fall on the taker from the forger who is naturally a bank. Further, the cheques payable to the order under the BEA, loss reduction thus seems to be mainly advantageous to the collecting bank. Further the collecting bankers of the crossed cheques are protected under the BEA over forged endorsements as long as they acted in good faith and without negligence.Further under BEA, the drawee bank is protected and this shifts the reallocation of forged endorsement losses to the first exonerated party prior to the collecting bank. Where the one who grabbed the payment by means of a bank account was the conman, such innocent party is construed to be dispos sessed owner. indeed the crossing has re de call attentionate the loss to the dispossessed owner, thus excluding the collecting bank that took the cheque from the conman. thereforece under BEA, protection is available to banking channel had they acted in good faith and without negligence even in case of crossed cheques .If an open or crossed stolen cheque has been collected by or paid to the conman , the loss is assigned to the dispossessed owner .Under UK laws , where a cheque is payable to order is collected or paid over a forged endorsement for or to a non-bank situated in the chain of title subsequent to the conman, loss is assigned to the non-bank from that of the conman.This is apart from of whether the cheque was collected for or paid to the innocent taker from the conman or soul obtaining title from the conman despite of crossing. Where the cheque is crossed and it has to be paid into a bank account and then only it dirty dog be encashed as it leave behind be convenient for the dispossessed owner to trace that person and assign the loss to him. Thus the crossing of cheque becomes more than helpful to the true owner. However thus the innocent endorser has to bear the loss as the benefit is not in the reallocation of losses.The best example of the above is the Nigerian gangsters direct in UK and taking the gullible students who are in the poverty to carry out cheque fraud worth 50 million a year. These Nigerians conman restore poor students with promises of good cash reward for just providing the conman with their bank account particulars. By using stolen corporate cheque books, they then deposit huge union of British pounds through the accounts. No sooner the account is citeed with the collection amount from the fraudulent cheques, the account go away be emptied before the firm or bank realizes what has happened.The major lions share goes to the conman and only a very meager amount goes to the innocent, poor student who has provided the bank account material body to the conman. When the fraud comes to light due to alerting by the bank to the police, it is the poor, innocent student who will become the scapegoat. The conman mainly selects the students from Camden in North London where thousands of students from the working capitals universities congregate. Conman liberally offer them up to 5000 for doing nothing. then the conman approaches an insider who is working in the royal mail and induces them to steal a companys cheque book. Then the conman visits the company office to collect the directors signature from the dustbin and thus they scrupulously copy the same in writing the bogus cheques. Thus the conman had a fortune by sharing a lions share in the booty leaving the innocent, poor account holder to face police and possible fraud investigation.iBanks and building societys in UK from September 2006 onwards is not to accept the cheques that are issued in favour of the banks itself in a move to avoid frauds. Bank is to insist to issue the cheques payable to an individual or to include the individuals name on the payee define after the name of the institution.This strategy is mainly designed to ensure that the money lands in the right account and to bring to an end to cheque fraud which reached to a height of 46.2 million in 2004 which includes counterfeit and stolen cheques. This modification is being launched following a case in which an independent financial advisor informed his clients to draw cheques out to the financial institutions where the money was going to be invested. He then paid them in to his own account, rather than the customers account.iiUnder the BEA , there is a cookery with a bill containing words prohibiting transfer or indicating an intension that it should not be transferable and these instruments is termed as not negotiable. As such these instruments puke not be negotiated by the payee to another holder.In UK, an account payee or a/c payee and with or without the wo rds only can be encashed only by the account holder and thus it can not be encashed other wise than by an endorsement. Further, under the BEA, the consequence of an unauthorised or forged assignment is similar to that of forged endorsement as both do not convey title. Under BEA, in there is no borrowing, the drawee can not be held liable on the instrument and it does not exclude in tort or in receipt of money provided elements of such liability are present.If the drawer has given sufficient notice well in advance informing the drawee about the forged endorsement and the remedy available to the drawer against drawee for the forged endorsement is under contract and this arises regardless of any particular provision of the BEA. Further under BEA , no remedies is specified for the misappropriation under forged endorsement but the injured can avail the common law remedies for the embezzlement of property in chattels generally rather than stipulating specific recourse to the true owner o f misappropriated cheques. Further the loss of cheque does not forfeit the action on it under the BEA.Under BEA, no title is passed on under the forged endorsements and one who derives the title under forged endorsement can not enforce payments against a prior party to the forgery. Further no payment is do under due course so as to discharge the cheque and to preclude drawees liability against the drawer. Thus the original owner from whom the cheque was stolen and forged inherits the right to and on the cheque and he has a right to sue for the wrongful interference with his rights.Further under BEA, an endorser is barred from refuting the authenticity and promptness of all previous endorsements and at the time of endorsement, he had a good title and this denial will be advantageous for the holder in due course later. Further under BEA, the drawee bank can base its reliance on laws governing mistake and restitution for the payment make over a forged endorsement. Further, under BEA provisions, true owner may recover on the lost cheque from any party prior to the falsification till up to the drawer.Under BEA, cheques payable to fictitious or non existing persons is deemed to payable to the bearer. A collecting bank can not be held responsible for payment made to a thief if it is drawn on fictitious name and if they have acted in good faith which absolves the collecting from its liability. In Fok Cheong Shing Investments v. Bank of Nova Scotia, the president of the drawer who turned to be the authorised signatory of the company issued a cheque to a real person with an intention for misappropriation.The loss was allocated to the drawer under the fictious payee provision. Thus the drawee bank is being protected under the BEA if it has paid a cheque over forged endorsement in the ordinary course of business under good faith. Thus the statutory protection is extended to the collecting bank which collects in good faith and without negligence a cheque bearing a forged endorsement. S 60 of the BEA does not warrant that drawee bank should act with out negligence. However one may assume that a bank has to act without negligence in the ordinary course of business.The UK Review Committee on Banking Services Law and Practice considered provisions ss.60, 80 and s.1 of the Cheques Act 1957. The committed recommended to admit these provisions under single enactment so that statutory protection may be extended to a paying bank acting in good faith and without negligence. Both the s 82 and s.1 of the Bills of exchange (crossed cheques) Act were repealed by the Cheques Act 1957 in UK which mainly extended the protection to open cheques and other payments documents.In UK, the drawee is primarily liable to payment, the endorser is liable secondly and the drawer is the ultimately liable to payment upon dishonor. Not withstanding this, the drawer and the endorser may sign without recourse. The United Nations Convention on international Bills of exchange and In ternational Bills of Exchange and International promissory notes , 1988( UNCITRAL Convention) specifies that the drawer may exclude his own liability for acceptance or deferment by an express stipulation in the Bill. Such stipulation will hold of use only where another party is or becomes liable on the bill.PROTECTION AVAILABLE TO PAYING BANKSection 24 of the BEA states that a forged signature is no signature.In Brown v Westminster Bank (1964), the estoppel caused from the misleading facts from the client. In this case , the bank has reminded a old lady , the customer against the veracity of the signature as her signature was forged more than in 300 cheques and in turn she certified that the signature was her own. When the bank was sued by her son later, it was held that bank was not liable and they were estopped from denying the genuineness of the cheques.In Tai Cotton Mills Ltd v Liu Chong Hing bank (1985), it was held in this case that a customer of a bank needs to check his ban k statement to lapse on watch that the forged cheques were processed. The banks express condition to the contrary in the contract with customer can absolve the banks from the wrongful debit. ilk wise if a bank pays a cheque in breach of a mandate by oversight, it has the right of subrogation and the bank has the right to take the will power of a title or good that it effectively paid for.PROTECTION IN THE CASE OF CONVERSIONIt is not necessary for the bank to check every(prenominal) endorsement on the cheque and it would be time consuming and onerous to do so. So as to assuage the liability of banks, BEA (1882) and the Cheques Act (1959) offer refutation for the paying bank.Bank of Ireland v Hollicourt (Contracts) limited (2000) EWCA Cir 263.A suit was filed against a bank which continued to pay on cheques against the companys bank account even after filing of a petition for bankruptcy. It was held that the bank had acted as an agent and didnt have any beneficial interest and the legislation made the disposition void but that did not operate the way claimed.Roger Smith and Christopher Trimothy Esmond Hayward and Lloyds Bank TSB Harvey Jones Ltd and Woolwich Plc (2000).Where a cheque has been misused falsely to change the name of the payee, then the piece of paper can not be termed as a cheque and an action for alteration against the collecting or paying bank will stand only as the nominal value of the paper and not as to the face value. As the material alteration was carried out with out accede of any one but the fraudster and under the bill is avoided save against a party consenting or making to the alteration.PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHILE paper A CHEQUEWrite clearly the name of person in whose favour your are writing a cheque with additional information manage Dr, Er, his shop name or company name etc.From September 2006 on wards whenever you issue a cheque to UK building society or to a bank, add additional information other than the name of the ba nk or society like account no, bank branch name etc.To prevent fraudsters to add words in the empty blank space available in the written cheque, it is always better to draw a line through unused spaces.Dont pre sign blank cheques and also try to fill all the details like full name, amount in figures and words and dont issue undated cheques.Always issue account payee only crossed cheques to avoid any frauds.CREDIT CARD CHEQUESThese cheques have been issued as an additional facility on credit card accounts for the last 10 years in UK. These are similar to the normal bank account cheques and can be deployed for the same purpose. During 2004 , about 3.4m credit cheques have been issued which constitute a very little percentage (2%) as opposed to overall number of credit card in operation which totaled to 1.727 billion in the UK according to APACS , the UK payment association. The credit card cheques are likely to bounce in approximately of the cases if credit limit has been crossed. Th ese credit card cheques are utilised for high value transactions ranging from 850 as against 58 for a UK credit card purchases and cxx for payment of a personal cheque.In credit card cheques, the customer need not ask for the cheques from the credit card issuer but they are issued at the discretion of the card provider and there are different terms and conditions applicable to transaction done through credit cards cheques as compared with a credit card and this is being unaware by the most of the customers.One of the disadvantages is the fraud that is prevalent in the credit card cheques as the most of the issuer are forwarding it to their customers on discretionary basis. These credit card cheques are vulnerable to fraudulent activities as most of the customers do not aware that credit card cheques have been dispatched to them. In the case of these credit card frauds, lender has to bear the losses rather than customer.CREDIT CARD FRAUDSCredit and debit card frauds live 400 m during 2004 and devise deployed by the fraudsters have become sophisticated.One of the remedy is to insure against the ID theft. Some insurance company offer it as free adds on with home insurance policy. One of the protection for the prevention of credit card frauds is the introduction of new industry standard namely Chip and Pin which undeniable implanting a microchip inside the credit and debit card and mandates that consumers key in a secrete four-digit personal identification number to complete a transaction using the card. As the result the consumers deceived by the fraudsters are on the decrease in UK.i Dan Evans, Gangs Pounds 50m stolen cheque racket , Sunday Mirror, Jan, 12, 2003.ii Banks swan checks on Cheques in new bid to beat pounds 46 million fraud, The Birmingham post, December 8, 2005, page 24.Check Your Balance before the Match. The News Letter (Belfast, blue Ireland) 11Cheques in the Post-Mortem. The Birmingham Post (England) 21 Jan. 2006 27.Cheques to Be Stubb ed Out. After 350 YEARS Signed and Sealed. The Mirror (London, England) 10 Nov. 2004 1.Fraud Bill Shock. Evening Gazette (Middlesbrough, England) 31 Jan. 2006 2.Ghost Workers Help Fraud to Soar. Western get off (Cardiff, Wales) 2 Feb. 2005 6.King of the Cons. The Mirror (London, England) 11 Jan. 2005 10.Postman Given Asylum Plundered Pounds Sterling 20million. The Daily Mail (London, England) 21 Dec. 2005 17.Store Bans Slowcoach Cheques to Speed Checkouts. Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales) 3 Apr. 2006 4.Sally Ramage Dabydeen, Legal and Regulatory Frame work iUniverse, 2004.